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The disarmament process was greatly developed during the 20th century. It is now being covertly, or openly, questioned. The reasons include an increasing doubt about the effectiveness of disarmament instruments and mechanisms, new threats – whether governmental or non-governmental – against security, and a shift from confidence to mistrust in international relations. The protagonists react in diverse ways. The United States have an asymmetrical and mobile policy. The European States are frequently in awkward positions; other States are submitted to the limitations of their capacity. As for the so-called Rogue States, no adequate response has yet been given to the challenge they are raising for the international community. – Summary AFRI-2004