Far from being limited to an imprecise organisation centralising the ensemble of djihad fights throughout the world (« Al-Qaeda »), the Islamist radical organisations are, on the contrary, engaged in a local violence problematic. In Western countries – for instance, France and the United States -, there exist different factors at the origin of the making of local djihad fighters, distinct from those who prevail for instance in Egypt or Algeria. This article aims at studying different American and French factors, establishing common points and differences between the two countries, particularly concerning the insertion of Islam, the models of integration or the incriminated djihad fighters’ profiles. – Summary AFRI-2004