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The globalization process, with its paradoxes and its stakes, has revitalized the controversy about the status and the role of the State and has placed it with great acuity in political-economic literature and speeches. While some perceive it as a denial of active economic policies, others consider that this process itself is a catalyst that helps redefine the State’s role in the promotion of development. The object of this contribution is to show that such a redefinition should arise from a pragmatic and renewed reflection on the key role of the economic policy in development, rather than in the sense of a more neutral and passive public intervention, as suggested by the neo-liberal approach that vastly inspired the therapeutics of structural adjustment programs and the commands of the Washington Consensus.